EDITORIAL SKILL IN ENGLISH PUBLIPRENEUR-BASED LANGUAGE LEARNING (PBLL-Editing)

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MAJOR

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY TANGERANG (2022)

List of activities in ESP for Electrical Engineering

1. Short Article about Electrical Engineering

2. 5W1H Questions

3. Verbal and Nominal Sentences

4. Tenses and It’s Pattern

5. Active and Passive Construction

6. List of Vocabulary

7. Translation into Indonesia

8. Reasons Why Writer Uses Tenses

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PLC Programming Then & Now: The History of PLC’s

The first PLC was introduced in the late 1960s.

A programmable logic controller is an industrial computer. It is designed to help in the control of manufacturing processes.

The automobile sector was the first industry to deploy PLCs into its operations. Their aim was to replace the hardwired relays and timers with programmable and flexible controllers.

Since then, PLCs have been broadly adopted as the standard automation control system in discrete manufacturing industries.

Inception of PLC Programming

The first PLC began being developed in 1968. General Motors designed a specification for a ‘Standard Machine Controller’ and distributed it to vendors for a quote. Some of the major elements of the specification included:

· Should use solid state components which should be modular and expandable

· Should contain 16 units that can be expanded to 256

· Should have 16 outputs that can be expanded to 128

· Should offer easy programming and reprogramming

· Should not lose stored programs during power outages, therefore, have at least 1k of memory that can be expanded to 4k

Richard E. Morley, who worked for Bedford associates, designed a device known as the Modular Digital Controller.

This device met all the requirements the Standard Machine Controller was asking for. When the Modular Controller was tested in General Motors, it showed a 60 percent reduction in downtime.

Modicon PLC

Following this success, Bedford Associates changed its name to Modicon PLC.They began producing the Modicon 084, the first PLC.

What differentiated the Modicon 084 from other products in the market was its programming technique. The others were utilizing ‘Boolean Statements’ to manipulate their equipment.

Boolean algebra was by the Irish Mathematician George Boole and presented in The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847). Boolean mathematics is the math of ones and zeros, True and False. At it’s core, it consists of three expressions, AND, OR and NOT. All computers use this type of logic.

Despite the simplicity of Boolean Logic and The Genius of George Boole, Boolean Statement programs were okay for computer scientists. However, plant engineers found them difficult to work with, as compared to relay logic.

The engineers were used to relay control systems which employed ladder diagrams. This is because whenever relay circuits are drawn between a hot and neutral common, they resemble the rungs of a ladder.

Morley’s genius idea was to incorporate ‘ladder logic’ into his system. Ladder Logic is essentially a graphic representation of Boolean Logic. This was the game changer. The engineers would find it easier to understand and use than Boolean Logic. Example of how Boolean can be expressed as Ladder Logic. (Source: http://e-class.teilar.gr/)

Process Description

A heating oven with two bays can heat one ingot in each back. When the heater is on it provides enough heat for two ingots. But, if only one ingot is present the oven may become too hot, so a fan is used to cool the oven when it passes a set temperature.

Control Description

If the temperature is too high AND there is an ingot in only one bay, turn the fan on.

Define Inputs and Outputs

B1 = Bay 1 ingot present

B2 = Bay 2 ingot present

F = Fan

T = Temperature sensor

By the time the 70s were coming to a close, Allen-Bradley and other competitors had developed systems that rivaled Modicon. Innovation started becoming key to capturing market share.

PLCs were becoming faster and more powerful. There was also the rapid evolving of programming and documentation tools.

The initial PLCs did not have a platform for program documentation. Thus, a program had to be hand-written or drawn on a drafting board before it was entered later.

This is the period that saw to the development of the Data Highway by Allen-Bradley and Modbus by Modicon. These innovations allowed PLCs to exchange information with each other.

There was also the development of programming terminals. These allowed programmers to remotely enter logic programs. The final program could then be recorded on cassette tape then downloaded to a PLC.

They could also generate printouts. This eliminated the need for the hand-drawings that consumed a lot of time.

The 1980s

The ‘80s saw the introduction of the first personal computers in offices. While you can’t compare their speed to today’s computers, they were still a lot faster than drawing on drafting boards.

In fact, nearly every designer had replaced their drafting board with a desktop computer by the time the 1980s were coming to a close.

The adoption of personal computers was not relegated just to the design arena, but also the shop floor.

The PCs began being used to interface with PLCs directly. Coupled with software improvements, this made monitoring machine motions a lot easier.

By this period, the PLC program was widely recognized as the most useful diagnostic tool. It allowed for effective troubleshooting, thus many considering it to be the window to machines.

Nonetheless, machine diagnostics were still in their primitive stages.

More powerful programing languages evolve

As PLC’s evolved, other programming languages were developed. These include flow charts, structured text, and instruction list. Nonetheless, ladder logic remains popular due to its graphical and intuitive design.

The Late 70s

Development of the IEC 61131-3

One of the most significant milestones in PLC history was the introduction of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61131-3 specification in 1982.

It was the standard by which PLC software being developed was to be held against. It became published in 1993 as IEC 1131 International Standard for Programmable Controllers.

The introduction of the IEC 61131-3 was necessary as it brought consistency to all the software products on the market. This allows engineers and technicians to easily understand logic and program flow from any PLC software.

The 1990s

As the ‘90s rolled in, end users began making special requests. They wanted their new machinery to come with industrial terminals that had PLC monitoring software.

Plant managers wanted their technicians doing actual troubleshooting. As such, the PLC programs at that time were simple in design.

In an attempt to save time, plant managers wanted to have machines that could tell them what was amiss. Instead of spending hours troubleshooting.

This is what led to the development of the programmable human-machine interface (HMI).

Programmable Human Machine Interface

The prototype HMIs were modest pushbutton replacers. However, they were thought to be uneconomical for applications that had less than 20 pushbuttons.

Nonetheless, their popularity started growing as manufacturers began finding more uses for them.

Machine monitoring information was becoming more and more vital.

This included information such as machine problems, time in auto, manual interventions, production counts, and more. All that was being monitored and displayed in HMI screens then later sent to the factory’s central computers.

As the 1990s drew to an end, the logic controlling functions were just a slight part of what a PLC program could do. This is because HMIs had so much data that technicians hardly looked at program logic.

The end of the ‘90s saw the introduction of a new generation of PLCs. These new devices are what eventually brought internet connectivity to the factory floor.

Megabytes became the new standard for measuring processor memory. There was also the introduction of User-defined data types. These allowed for the manipulation and sharing of machine data in many ways.

PLCs Today

Since the beginning, there has always been a need to reduce the size of the automation systems so as to make support and maintenance simpler. This is why we are witnessing the following trends in PLC technology:

Better, Smaller, and Faster

Circuit boards, processors, and other electronic components are rapidly shrinking. These improvements are influencing how PLCs are being designed.

However, some things are affecting the acceptance of these changes. These include the need for ruggedness, reliability, and stability.

Thus, the most prevalent enhancement in the PLC industry is speed. This is enabled by faster processors. They improve cycle time, have new communication features, and enhanced memory capacity.

As the market continues to make demands, a lot of functions and features traditionally allocated to high-end PLCs are making their way to the lower-end products.

You can, therefore, expect to see smaller PLCs spotting features associated with top-tier machines. This allows for a smaller and more compact solution that today’s users desire.

Memory Size

Today’s PLCs are also taking advantage of the dramatically declining sizes and costs of solid-state memory.

This is allowing for enhanced local data storage. This enables PLCs to be used in a lot of applications that traditionally required expensive data acquisition systems.

This feature also allows for additional utilities. This includes the ability to store information on-board, thus expediting troubleshooting.

Memory Devices

Another technology that is making its way to the industrial controls market are portable memory devices. These devices are highly beneficial to the PLC user.

They provide you with massive amounts of extra storage in small packages. For example, a microSD card can add up to 32 GB of extra memory to the PLC.

The Merging of PLCs and PACs

Programmable automation controllers (PACs) are hardened modular industrial controllers. They often utilize a PC-based processor. This allows them to have more flexibility and depth in programming.

For a long time, suppliers in the industrial controls industry have been citing the differences between PACs and PLCs.

However, as PLC technology evolves, automation engineers cease to care about their differences. Instead, they will start focusing on the performance and available features. This will allow them to define their systems better.

PACs and PLCs will continue merging as they evolve. As that happens, there are bound to be opportunities in the market for both high and low-end processors.

As hardware technology continues to evolve, advanced features will start being incorporated into low-tier processors as well.

As a result, manufacturers of the higher-end devices will be forced to include even more options and features into their products.

Advanced Features

As processors become faster and memories became even larger. It allowed a floodgate of advanced features into the market. These included vision system integration, motion control, as well as synchronized support for multiple communication protocols. All that while maintaining the simplistic nature that makes the PLC ideal to most consumers.

In the period that PLC and PAC have been going head to head, we have witnessed a more rapid development of both products.

PACs are allowing their consumers to test the limits of what is regarded as traditional industrial automation. This is forcing PACs manufacturers to develop products that can meet those demands.

Thus, product designers are having to come up with innovative designs. These sustain the available components and build them into rugged systems. This allows them to withstand the harsh industrial environment.

Ladder Logic Is Here to Stay

As mentioned earlier, about half-a-century ago, the ladder diagram replaced hardwired relay logic.

While ladder logic made things simpler for engineers and technicians, it has some drawbacks. Most notably, it is not efficient in data handling and process control.

This saw to the development of other industrial controller programming languages by the IEC 6113. The standard covers the following:

·       Ladder Logic
·       Structured Text
·       Function Block
·       Instruction List
·       Sequential Function Charts

For instance, sequential flow charts are better for process control. Structured text is good for data manipulation.

Other languages have their strong points as well. Nonetheless, the ladder diagram has stayed on course through various advancements. It remains the most desired language in PLC programming languages.

Connected Factory

The most impactful change expected in the future of PLCs is their integration with Enterprise Resource Planning. As well as synchronizing with other high-level computing systems to the factory premises.

In the past, extracting data and feeding it upstream to those systems was a major integration task. However, future technologies are expected to have features, functions, and hooks that allow for simplified integration.

The Rise of Industrial Ethernet and Industrial Internet of Things

The industrial connectivity landscape has witnessed major changes. Industrial Ethernet is now the network of choice on the factory floor.

An industrial Ethernet network can handle larger amounts of data, and at faster speeds. This makes it ideal for high-end and data-heavy applications that a PLC typically contains.

Another key reason for the adoption of industrial Ethernet is the recent development of the Industrial Internet of Things.

IoT allows manufacturers to connect all their equipment so they behave as a single module. This is made possible by connectors and sensors.

They are fitted to PLCs and other industrial devices to make data gathering more efficient. This gives managers an excellent real-time view of what’s happening on the floor, thus ensuring trouble areas are spotted as soon as they surface.

A. 5W1H Questions

Instruction

Referring to the article you have, please build each two examples of your sentences Question and Answer based on 5W1H (Who, What, Where, Why, When, How).

No	WH	Sentence Building (Question and Answer)
1	Who	Who was the first applied plc to his industrial operations ?
1	Answer	The automobile sector was the first industry to deploy PLCs into its operations
2	Who	Who was made boolean algebra ?
2	Answer	Boolean algebra was made by the Irish Mathematician George Boole and presented in The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847).
3	What	What is a programmable logic control ?
3	Answer	A programmable logic controller is an industrial computer. It is designed to help in the control of manufacturing process.
4	What	What is a ladder logic ?
4	Answer	Ladder Logic is essentially a graphic representation of Boolean Logic.
5	Where	Where was information being monitored and displayed in HMI screens sent ?
5	Answer	Information was being monitored and displayed in HMI screens then later sent to the factory’s central computers.
6	Where	Where is the place to draw or write the program on the intial plc before paltform for program documentaion unexisting ?
6	Answer	The initial PLCs did not have a platform for program documentation. Thus, a program had to be hand-written or drawn on a drafting board before program was entered late.
7	Why	Why did the initial PLC programs have to be handwritten or drawn on a drawing board before being entered ?
7	Answer	The initial PLC programs have to handwritten or drawn on a drawing board before being entered, because the intial PLC didn’t have a platform for program documentation.
8	Why	Why is Industrial Ethernet claimed as the network of choice on the factory floor ?
8	Answer	The industrial Ethernet network claimed as the network of choice on the factory floor because the industrial Ethernet can handle larger amounts of data, and at faster speeds. This makes it ideal for high-end and data-heavy applications that a PLC typically contains.
9	When	When was the first PLC introduced ?
9	Answer	The first PLC was introduced in the late 1960s.
10	When	When was the development of the IEC 61131-3 ?
10	Answer	The IEC 61131-3 was developed in 1982
11	How	How to enter the program on the initial plc?
11	Answer	To enter the program on the Intial PLC can be done by hand-writing or drawing on a drafting board before it is entered later.
12	How	How can factory managers save time to identify machine problems?
12	Answer	Factory managers can save time to identify machine problem by developing programmable human-machine interface (HMI) development programs.

A. B.Verbal and Nominal Sentences

Clues: Verbal sentences (V) are those, which start with a verb. Non-verbal sentences start with a noun or pronoun, or with derivative nouns. Verbal sentences consist of a verb + subject + object or adverbial phrase. The subject and object can be either nouns or pronouns. Nominal sentence (N) also known as equational sentence is a linguistic term that refers to a nonverbal sentence (i.e. a sentence without a finite verb). As a nominal sentence does not have a verbal predicate, it may contain a nominal predicate, an adjectival predicate, in Semitic languages also an adverbial predicate or even a prepositional predicate.

1. Verbal Sentences

No	Sentences	V
01	Nonetheless, their popularity started growing as manufacturers began finding more uses for them.	V
02	They began producing the Modicon 084, the first PLC.	V
03	Morley’s genius idea was to incorporate ‘ladder logic’ into his system.	V
04	PACs are allowing their consumers to test the limits of what is regarded as traditional industrial automation	V
05	Richard E. Morley, who worked for Bedford associates, designed a device known as the Modular Digital Controller	V
06	Megabytes became the new standard for measuring processor memory	V
07	Today’s PLCs are also taking advantage of the dramatically declining sizes and costs of solid-state memory.	V
08	In fact, nearly every designer had replaced their drafting board with a computer by the time the 1980s where coming to a close.	V
09	These new devices are what eventually brought internet connectivity to the factory floor	V
10	Plant managers wanted their technicians doing actual troubleshooting.	V

2. Nominal Sentences

No	Sentences	N
01	A programmable logic controller is an industrial computer.	N
02	Ladder Logic is essentially a graphic representation of Boolean Logic	N
03	Boolean mathematics is the math of ones and zeros, True and False	N
04	The automobile sector was the first industry to deploy PLCs into its operations	N
05	The prototype HMIs were modest pushbutton replacers.	N
06	Programmable automation controllers (PACs) are hardened modular industrial controllers.	N
07	Industrial Ethernet is now the network of choice on the factory floor.	N
08	Structured text is good for data manipulation	N
09	Despite the simplicity of Boolean Logic and The Genius of George Boole, Boolean Statement programs were okay for computer scientists.	N
10	As the 1990s drew to an end, the logic controlling functions were just a slight part of what a PLC program could do.	N

. C. Active and Passive Construction

Clues: Active sentence is a sentence where the subject performs the action of the verb. For example: John kicked the ball. ("John" is the subject. "John" is performing the action of the verb "kick." Therefore, this is an active sentence.) An active sentence is the opposite of a passive sentence. In a passive sentence, the action of the main verb is done to the subject. The passive voice occurs when the person or thing that performs an action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence. Instead, the person or thing that receives the action is placed before the verb. Passive sentences are formed using the verb to be combined with a past participle.

No	Sentences	Active	Passive
01	Today’s PLCs are also taking advantage of the dramatically declining sizes and costs of solid-state memory	✓
02	The size and cost of solid-state memory has decreased drastically currently utilized by PLCs		✓
03	They began producing the Modicon 084, the first PLC	✓
04	The first plc, Medicon 084 was started by them		✓
05	Morley’s genius idea was to incorporate ‘ladder logic’ into his system	✓
06	The 'ladder logic' in the system was incorporated by Morley's genius idea		✓
07	PACs are allowing their consumers to test the limits of what is regarded as traditional industrial automation	✓
08	The consumer-tested limits of what the traditional auto industry considers has allowed by PACs		✓
09	Megabytes became the new standard for measuring processor memory	✓
10	Processor memory is measured by a new standard that is Megabytes		✓

D. List of Vocabulary

No	Vocabulary	Pronoun Spelling	Meaning
01	Produced	Pruh.doost	Diproduksi
02	Adopted	Uh.daap.tuhd	Diadopsi
03	Manufacturing	ˌman(y)əˈfakCHəriNG	Manufaktur
04	Sentence	ˈsen(t)əns	Kalimat
05	Start	stärt	Mulai
06	Action	ˈakSH(ə)n	Aksi
07	Memory	ˈmem(ə)rē	Memori
08	System	ˈsistəm	Sistem
09	Ladder	ˈladər	Tangga
10	Logic	ˈläjik	Logika

No	Senteces	Indent
1	General Motors(S) designed(verb2)a specification for a ‘Standard Machine Controller’(O) and distributed(Verb2) it to vendors for a quote(Omodify).	Simple Past Tense
2	Since then(adverb time), PLC’s(S) have been(to be) broadly adopted(verb3)as the standard automation control system(O) in discrete manufacturing industries(Omodify)	Present Perfect Tense
3	Richard E. Morley(S), who worked(Verb2) for Bedford associates(Smodify), designed(Verb2)a device known as the Modular Digital Controller(O)	Simple Past Tense
4	By the time the 70s(adverb time) were coming(verb.ing) to a close, Allen-Bradley(S) and other competitors(Smodify) had(to be) developed(Verb3) systems that rivaled Modicon(O)	Past Perfect Tense
5	This gives(Verb+S) managers(S) an excellent real-time view of what’s happening(Verb+ing)on the floor(O), thus ensuring(Verb+ing) trouble areas(Omodify) are spotted(Verb3) as soon as they surface.	Past Continous Tense
6	These new devices(S) are what eventually brought(Verb2) internet connectivity to the factory floor(O)	Simple Past Tense
7	For a long time(adverb time), suppliers(S) in the industrial controls industry(Omodif) have been(to be) citing(Verb+ing) the differences between PACs and PLCs(O)	Present Perfect Continous Tense
8	Today’s(adverbtime) PLC’s(S) are also taking(Verbing) advantage of the dramatically declining(verbing) sizes and costs of solid-state memory(O)	Past Continous Tense
9	In fact, nearly every designer(S) had(to be) replaced(Verb3) their drafting board(O) with a desktop computer(Omodify) by the time the 1980s(adverb time) were coming(Verbing) to a close.	Past Perfect Tense
10	This allows(Verb+s) engineers and technicians(S) to easily understand(verb1) logic and program(Omodify) flow from any PLC software(O).	Simple Present Tense

Translation into Indonesia

Please translate the article into Indonesia

Pemrograman PLC Dulu & Sekarang: Sejarah PLC

PLC pertama diperkenalkan pada akhir 1960-an.

Pengontrol logika yang dapat diprogram adalah komputer industri. Ini dirancang untuk membantu dalam pengendalian proses manufaktur.

Sektor otomotif adalah industri pertama yang menerapkan PLC ke dalam operasinya. Tujuan mereka adalah mengganti relai dan pengatur waktu bawaan dengan pengontrol yang dapat diprogram dan fleksibel.

Sejak itu, PLC telah diadopsi secara luas sebagai sistem kontrol otomasi standar dalam industri manufaktur terpisah.

Pengenalan Pemrograman PLC

PLC pertama mulai dikembangkan pada tahun 1968. General Motors merancang spesifikasi untuk 'Pengontrol Mesin Standar' dan mendistribusikannya ke vendor untuk penawaran. Beberapa elemen utama dari spesifikasi termasuk:

Harus menggunakan komponen solid state yang harus modular dan dapat diperluas

Harus berisi 16 unit yang dapat diperluas menjadi 256

Seharusnya memiliki 16 keluaran yang dapat diperluas menjadi 128

Harus menawarkan pemrograman dan pemrograman ulang yang mudah

Tidak boleh kehilangan program yang disimpan selama listrik padam, oleh karena itu, miliki setidaknya 1k memori yang dapat diperluas hingga 4k.Richard E. Morley, yang bekerja untuk rekanan Bedford, merancang perangkat yang dikenal sebagai Pengontrol Digital Modular.

Perangkat ini memenuhi semua persyaratan yang diminta oleh Pengontrol Mesin Standar. Saat Kontroler Modular diuji di General Motors, ini menunjukkan pengurangan waktu henti hingga 60 persen.

Modikon PLC

Mengikuti kesuksesan ini, Bedford Associates berganti nama menjadi Modicon PLC. Mereka mulai memproduksi Modicon 084, PLC pertama.

Yang membedakan Modicon 084 dari produk lain di pasaran adalah teknik pemrogramannya. Yang lain memanfaatkan 'Pernyataan Boolean' untuk memanipulasi peralatan mereka.

Aljabar Boolean oleh matematikawan Irlandia George Boole dan disajikan dalam The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (1847). Matematika Boolean adalah matematika satu dan nol, Benar dan Salah. Pada intinya, ini terdiri dari tiga ekspresi, AND, OR dan NOT. Semua komputer menggunakan jenis logika ini.

Terlepas dari kesederhanaan Boolean Logic dan The Genius of George Boole, program Pernyataan Boolean baik-baik saja untuk ilmuwan komputer. Namun, insinyur pabrik merasa sulit untuk bekerja dengannya, dibandingkan dengan logika relai.

Para insinyur digunakan untuk menyampaikan sistem kontrol yang menggunakan diagram tangga. Hal ini karena setiap kali rangkaian relay ditarik antara common panas dan netral, mereka menyerupai anak tangga.Ide jenius Morley adalah memasukkan 'logika tangga' ke dalam sistemnya. Ladder Logic pada dasarnya adalah representasi grafis dari Boolean Logic. Ini adalah pengubah permainan. Para insinyur akan merasa lebih mudah untuk memahami dan menggunakan Logika Boolean. Contoh bagaimana Boolean dapat diekspresikan sebagai Ladder Logic. (Sumber: http://e-class.teilar.gr/)

Deskripsi proses

Oven pemanas dengan dua rongga dapat memanaskan satu ingot di setiap punggungnya. Saat pemanas menyala, panas yang cukup untuk dua ingot. Namun, jika hanya ada satu ingot, oven bisa menjadi terlalu panas, sehingga digunakan kipas angin untuk mendinginkan oven saat melewati suhu yang disetel.

Deskripsi Kontrol

Jika suhunya terlalu tinggi DAN hanya ada ingot di satu ruang, nyalakan kipas.

Tentukan Input dan Output

B1 = Bay 1 ingot hadir

B2 = Bay 2 ingot hadir

F = Kipas

T = Sensor suhu

Menjelang akhir tahun 70-an, Allen-Bradley dan pesaing lainnya telah mengembangkan sistem yang menyaingi Modicon. Inovasi mulai menjadi kunci untuk merebut pangsa pasar.

PLC menjadi lebih cepat dan lebih bertenaga. Ada juga alat pemrograman dan dokumentasi yang berkembang pesat.

PLC awal tidak memiliki platform untuk dokumentasi program. Jadi, sebuah program harus ditulis tangan atau digambar di papan gambar sebelum dimasukkan nanti.

Ini adalah periode yang melihat perkembangan Data Highway oleh Allen-Bradley dan Modbus oleh Modicon. Inovasi ini memungkinkan PLC untuk bertukar informasi satu sama lain.

Ada juga pengembangan terminal pemrograman. Ini memungkinkan pemrogram untuk memasukkan program logika dari jarak jauh. Program terakhir kemudian dapat direkam pada kaset kemudian diunduh ke PLC.

Mereka juga dapat menghasilkan cetakan. Ini menghilangkan kebutuhan akan gambar tangan yang menghabiskan banyak waktu.

1980-an

Tahun 80-an melihat pengenalan komputer pribadi pertama di kantor. Meskipun Anda tidak dapat membandingkan kecepatannya dengan komputer saat ini, kecepatannya masih jauh lebih cepat daripada menggambar di papan gambar.

Nyatanya, hampir setiap desainer telah mengganti papan gambar mereka dengan komputer desktop menjelang akhir tahun 1980-an.

Adopsi komputer pribadi tidak diturunkan hanya ke arena desain, tetapi juga lantai toko.PC mulai digunakan untuk berinteraksi dengan PLC secara langsung. Ditambah dengan peningkatan perangkat lunak, ini membuat pemantauan gerakan mesin jauh lebih mudah.

Pada periode ini, program PLC diakui secara luas sebagai alat diagnostik yang paling berguna. Itu memungkinkan pemecahan masalah yang efektif, sehingga banyak yang menganggapnya sebagai jendela ke mesin. Meskipun demikian, diagnostik mesin masih dalam tahap primitif.

Bahasa pemrograman yang lebih kuat berkembang

Seiring perkembangan PLC, bahasa pemrograman lain dikembangkan. Ini termasuk diagram alir, teks terstruktur, dan daftar instruksi. Meskipun demikian, logika tangga tetap populer karena desain grafis dan intuitifnya.

Akhir 70-an

Pengembangan IEC 61131-3

Salah satu tonggak terpenting dalam sejarah PLC adalah pengenalan spesifikasi International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61131-3 pada tahun 1982.

Itu adalah standar di mana perangkat lunak PLC yang sedang dikembangkan harus dipegang. Itu diterbitkan pada tahun 1993 sebagai Standar Internasional IEC 1131 untuk Pengontrol yang Dapat Diprogram.

Pengenalan IEC 61131-3 diperlukan karena membawa konsistensi ke semua produk perangkat lunak di pasar. Ini memungkinkan para insinyur dan teknisi untuk dengan mudah memahami logika dan aliran program dari perangkat lunak PLC apa pun.

Tahun 1990-an

Saat tahun 90-an bergulir, pengguna akhir mulai membuat permintaan khusus. Mereka ingin mesin baru mereka hadir dengan terminal industri yang memiliki perangkat lunak pemantauan PLC.

Manajer pabrik menginginkan teknisi mereka melakukan pemecahan masalah yang sebenarnya. Dengan demikian, program PLC pada waktu itu sederhana dalam desain.

Dalam upaya menghemat waktu, manajer pabrik ingin memiliki mesin yang dapat memberi tahu mereka apa yang salah. Alih-alih menghabiskan berjam-jam pemecahan masalah.

Inilah yang menyebabkan pengembangan antarmuka manusia-mesin yang dapat diprogram (HMI).

Antarmuka Mesin Manusia yang Dapat Diprogram

Prototipe HMI adalah pengganti tombol tekan sederhana. Namun, mereka dianggap tidak ekonomis untuk aplikasi yang memiliki kurang dari 20 tombol tekan.

Meskipun demikian, popularitas mereka mulai meningkat karena produsen mulai menemukan lebih banyak kegunaan untuk mereka.

Informasi pemantauan mesin menjadi semakin penting.

Ini termasuk informasi seperti masalah mesin, waktu dalam otomatis, intervensi manual, jumlah produksi, dan banyak lagi. Semua itu dipantau dan ditampilkan di layar HMI kemudian dikirim ke komputer pusat pabrik.

Ketika tahun 1990-an berakhir, fungsi kontrol logika hanyalah sebagian kecil dari apa yang dapat dilakukan oleh program PLC. Ini karena HMI memiliki begitu banyak data sehingga teknisi sulit melihat logika program.

Akhir tahun 90-an menjadi saksi pengenalan generasi baru PLC. Perangkat baru inilah yang akhirnya membawa konektivitas internet ke lantai pabrik.

Megabita menjadi standar baru untuk mengukur memori prosesor. Ada juga pengenalan tipe data yang ditentukan pengguna. Ini memungkinkan manipulasi dan pembagian data mesin dalam banyak cara.

PLC Hari Ini

Sejak awal, selalu ada kebutuhan untuk mengurangi ukuran sistem otomasi agar dukungan dan pemeliharaan menjadi lebih sederhana. Inilah sebabnya kami menyaksikan tren berikut dalam teknologi PLC:

Lebih Baik, Lebih Kecil, dan Lebih Cepat

Papan sirkuit, prosesor, dan komponen elektronik lainnya menyusut dengan cepat. Perbaikan ini mempengaruhi bagaimana PLC sedang dirancang.

Namun, beberapa hal mempengaruhi penerimaan perubahan ini. Ini termasuk kebutuhan akan kekasaran, keandalan, dan stabilitas.

Dengan demikian, peningkatan yang paling umum dalam industri PLC adalah kecepatan. Ini diaktifkan oleh prosesor yang lebih cepat. Mereka meningkatkan waktu siklus, memiliki fitur komunikasi baru, dan meningkatkan kapasitas memori.

Karena pasar terus menuntut, banyak fungsi dan fitur yang secara tradisional dialokasikan untuk PLC kelas atas sedang menuju ke produk kelas bawah.

Oleh karena itu, Anda dapat mengharapkan untuk melihat fitur bercak PLC yang lebih kecil yang terkait dengan mesin tingkat atas. Ini memungkinkan solusi yang lebih kecil dan lebih ringkas yang diinginkan pengguna saat ini.

Ukuran memori

PLC saat ini juga memanfaatkan ukuran dan biaya memori solid-state yang menurun drastis.

Ini memungkinkan penyimpanan data lokal yang ditingkatkan. Hal ini memungkinkan PLC untuk digunakan dalam banyak aplikasi yang secara tradisional membutuhkan sistem akuisisi data yang mahal.

Fitur ini juga memungkinkan untuk utilitas tambahan. Ini termasuk kemampuan untuk menyimpan informasi on-board, sehingga mempercepat pemecahan masalah.

Perangkat Memori

Teknologi lain yang memasuki pasar kontrol industri adalah perangkat memori portabel. Perangkat ini sangat bermanfaat bagi pengguna PLC.

Mereka memberi Anda penyimpanan ekstra dalam jumlah besar dalam paket kecil. Misalnya, kartu microSD dapat menambah memori tambahan hingga 32 GB ke PLC.

Penggabungan PLC dan PAC

Pengontrol otomasi yang dapat diprogram (PAC) adalah pengontrol industri modular yang diperkeras. Mereka sering menggunakan prosesor berbasis PC. Ini memungkinkan mereka untuk memiliki lebih banyak fleksibilitas dan kedalaman dalam pemrograman.

Untuk waktu yang lama, pemasok di industri kontrol industri menyebutkan perbedaan antara PAC dan PLC.

Namun, seiring berkembangnya teknologi PLC, insinyur otomasi tidak lagi peduli dengan perbedaan mereka. Sebaliknya, mereka akan mulai berfokus pada performa dan fitur yang tersedia. Ini akan memungkinkan mereka untuk mendefinisikan sistem mereka dengan lebih baik.

PAC dan PLC akan terus bergabung seiring perkembangannya. Saat itu terjadi, pasti ada peluang di pasar untuk prosesor kelas atas dan kelas bawah.

Saat teknologi perangkat keras terus berkembang, fitur-fitur canggih juga akan mulai dimasukkan ke dalam prosesor tingkat rendah.

Akibatnya, produsen perangkat kelas atas akan dipaksa untuk memasukkan lebih banyak opsi dan fitur ke dalam produk mereka.

Fitur lanjutan

Saat prosesor menjadi lebih cepat dan memori menjadi lebih besar. Itu memungkinkan pintu masuk fitur-fitur canggih ke pasar. Ini termasuk integrasi sistem visi, kontrol gerak, serta dukungan tersinkronisasi untuk beberapa protokol komunikasi. Semua itu sambil mempertahankan sifat sederhana yang membuat PLC ideal bagi sebagian besar konsumen.

Selama PLC dan PAC saling berhadapan, kami telah menyaksikan perkembangan yang lebih pesat dari kedua produk tersebut.

PAC memungkinkan konsumen mereka untuk menguji batas dari apa yang dianggap sebagai otomasi industri tradisional. Hal ini memaksa produsen PAC untuk mengembangkan produk yang dapat memenuhi permintaan tersebut.

Dengan demikian, desainer produk harus menghasilkan desain yang inovatif. Ini mempertahankan komponen yang tersedia dan membangunnya menjadi sistem yang kokoh. Hal ini memungkinkan mereka untuk menahan lingkungan industri yang keras.

Tangga Logika Di Sini untuk Tetap

Seperti disebutkan sebelumnya, sekitar setengah abad yang lalu, diagram tangga menggantikan logika relai bawaan.

Sementara logika tangga membuat segalanya lebih sederhana bagi para insinyur dan teknisi, ia memiliki beberapa kelemahan. Terutama, itu tidak efisien dalam penanganan data dan kontrol proses.

Ini melihat perkembangan bahasa pemrograman pengontrol industri lainnya oleh IEC 6113. Standar tersebut mencakup hal-hal berikut:

Logika Tangga
Teks Terstruktur
Blok Fungsi
Daftar Instruksi
Bagan Fungsi Berurutan

Misalnya, diagram alir berurutan lebih baik untuk kontrol proses. Teks terstruktur bagus untuk manipulasi data.

Bahasa lain juga memiliki kelebihannya. Meskipun demikian, diagram tangga tetap berada di jalurnya melalui berbagai kemajuan. Itu tetap menjadi bahasa yang paling diinginkan dalam bahasa pemrograman PLC.

Pabrik Terhubung

Perubahan paling berdampak yang diharapkan di masa depan PLC adalah integrasinya dengan Perencanaan Sumber Daya Perusahaan. Serta sinkronisasi dengan sistem komputasi tingkat tinggi lainnya ke lokasi pabrik.

Di masa lalu, mengekstraksi data dan memasukkannya ke hulu ke sistem tersebut merupakan tugas integrasi utama. Namun, teknologi masa depan diharapkan memiliki fitur, fungsi, dan pengait yang memungkinkan integrasi yang disederhanakan.

Bangkitnya Industrial Ethernet dan Industrial Internet of Things

Lanskap konektivitas industri telah menyaksikan perubahan besar. Industrial Ethernet sekarang menjadi jaringan pilihan di lantai pabrik.

Jaringan Ethernet industri dapat menangani jumlah data yang lebih besar, dan dengan kecepatan lebih cepat. Ini membuatnya ideal untuk aplikasi high-end dan data-heavy yang biasanya dimiliki oleh PLC.

Alasan utama lain untuk adopsi Ethernet industri adalah perkembangan terbaru dari Industrial Internet of Things.

IoT memungkinkan produsen untuk menghubungkan semua peralatan mereka sehingga berfungsi sebagai modul tunggal. Ini dimungkinkan oleh konektor dan sensor.

Mereka dipasang ke PLC dan perangkat industri lainnya untuk membuat pengumpulan data lebih efisien. Hal ini memberi manajer pandangan real-time yang sangat baik tentang apa yang terjadi di lapangan, sehingga memastikan area bermasalah segera terlihat setelah muncul.

Meaning Translation – penerjemahan bermakna

Please sum-up the article by explaining the reason why author use the tenses.

So after we read and also looked for the sentence patterns that make up the article, we were able to find a lots of simple past tenses and past continuous tenses sentences, so we can draw conclusions that the author wants to tell or explain to the readers is about the history and development of PLCs from time to time.

Lembar Simulasi

PRAKTIK MENYUNTING NASKAH

DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

(PBLL-Editing)

Serahkan kumpulan portfolio hasil belajar Bahasa Inggris pada saat UAS berupa: UTS, bahanPresentasi PPT Kelompokdenganbukti-buktiberikut:

1. Lembar asli JawabanUjian Tengah Semester (UTS), Idol, PPT kelompok

2. Bukti Perbaikan dalam bentuk Terketik Rapi

3. Bukti Penerapan Simbol Penyuntingan oleh Editor MitraBelajar di Kelas

4. Naskah Bersih hasil suntingan Editor Mitra Belajar di Kelas

5. Lembar Bukti Penerapan Hasil Penyuntingan

Catatan:

Naskah Bersih hasil suntingan dikumpulkan oleh Koordinator untuk layout bersih dan digandakan menjadi buku karya kelas.Judul buku dan gambaran Desain Cover serta Pengantar Buku akan diemail ke Koordinator oleh Dosen sebagai Supervisor.PembuatanVideoflogbersifat individual untuk kemungkinan memperoleh nilai optimal (A)

No	PBLL-Approach	Meeting	Portofolios	Learning Output	Learning Outcome
1.	Prewriting	1-8 (UTS)	PPT Kelompok Idol Writing, Hasil UTS	Insteand to be Self-Publisher (www.zalzulifa.com)	Reading Writing Listening. Speaking about cicil engineering
2.	Drafting
3.	Revising
4.	Editing	9-16 (UAS)	Book Dummy (PPT Kelompok, Idol Writing, UAS) Individual Voice in Video	Digital Publishing Member of www.polakata.com by registering to www.polakata.com/addacc.pkt
5.	Publishing
6.	Marketing
7.	Delivering

EDITORIAL SKILL IN ENGLISH

PUBLIPRENEUR-BASED
LANGUAGE LEARNING
(PBLL-Editing)

INSTRUCTIONS
1 1.Use the red ink pen to mark your editorial findings 2 2.Write the name of the manuscript’s writer within the box 3 3.Write your name as an editor within the editor’s box 4.Write the title of the manuscript 5 5.Treat the draft as an accepted manuscript to the Editorial Department. 6 6.Edit the manuscript by using the editorial signs 7 7.Put the number of your editorial findings (mechanical, substantive, pictorial) within the box right- side 8 8.Write your verbal verification of suggestion, comment, or input for the improvement of the manuscript. 9 9.Give your editorial judgment about the manuscript from the perspective of prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing, marketing, and delivering) 10.Good Luck..be your best.
Student's Identify	Writer	Editor
Name	Abdilah Nurfattah	Ahmad Nur Wakhid
Study Program	Electrical Engineering	Elektrikal Engineering
Title of Manuscript	PLC Programming Then & Now: The History of PLC’s

No	Editorial Findings	Number	Key Word	C	NC
A	Mechanical Editing
	Type	1	-	C
	Word	2	-	C
	Phrase	3	-	C
	Punctuations	4	-	C
	Comma	5	-	C
	Colon	6	-	C
	Semi Colon	7	-	C
	Preposition	8	-	C
	Dictions	9	-	C
B	Substantive Editing	10	-	C
	Content accuracy	11	-	C
	Language Consistency	12	-	C
	Message Originality	13	-	C
	Reader's Interest	14	-	C
	Coherence	15	-	C
C	Pictoral Editing	16	-	C
	Harmony	17	-	C
	Balancing	18	-	C
	White space	19	-	C
	Color	20	-	C
Verbal Verification : i just veryfied that the writing of the article was good in choosing words and senteences but there were a few words and the placement of sentences which i personally thought were not quite right so tried to edit them with the help of editting symbols that had been provided by my lecturer.
Editorial Judgement ; I think the editing of the script is good and quite thorough, and i just confirm that the editing of the script is almost perfect.